![]() The Neurostimulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee (NACC): Recommendations on bleeding and coagulation management in neurostimulation devices. Antiplatelet drug discontinuation is a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Low-dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention - Cardiovascular risks after its perioperative withdrawal versus bleeding risks with its continuation - Review and meta-analysis. To continue or discontinue aspirin in the perioperative period: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Incidence of neuraxial and non-neuraxial hematoma complications from spinal cord stimulator surgery: systematic review and proportional meta-analysis. Spinal epidural hematoma after spinal cord stimulator trial lead placement in a patient taking aspirin. Complications of spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation techniques: a review of the literature. Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome type I: a prospective cohort study with long-term follow-up. ![]() Treatment-limiting complications of percutaneous spinal cord stimulator implants: a review of eight years of experience from an academic center database. A retrospective review of lead migration rate in patients permanently implanted with percutaneous leads and a 10 kHz SCS device. Incidence of lead migration with loss of efficacy or paresthesia coverage after spinal cord stimulator implantation: systematic review and proportional meta-analysis of prospective studies and randomized clinical trials. Incidence and risk factors for spinal cord stimulator lead migration with or without loss of efficacy: a retrospective review of 91 consecutive thoracic lead implants. Prevention of percutaneous spinal cord stimulation electrode migration: a 15-year experience. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic back and leg pain and failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review and analysis of prognostic factors. Complications of spinal cord stimulation, suggestions to improve outcome, and financial impact. ![]() Financial impact of spinal cord stimulation on the healthcare budget: a comparative analysis of costs in Canada and the United States. Safety and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain: A 20-year literature review. Spinal cord stimulation trends of utilization and expenditures in fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare population from 2009 to 2018. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. Nevertheless, additional research regarding patient and procedural factors is necessary to improve the safety profile of this intervention. In addition, close monitoring and early intervention may prevent some of the adverse neurological outcomes. Our review shows that there are strategies available to reduce and prevent complications. Case reports of syrinx formation, foreign body reaction, and fibrosis have also been described. Other complications ranging in rates of occurrence include hematoma formation, infection, spinal cord injury, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. The most common complication in the literature appears to be electrode migration. The overall complication rate associated with SCS has been reported to be 31.9 to 43%. Understanding the risks of SCS implantation can help treating physicians formulate individualized care plans that promote patient safety and minimize risks. A growing body of literature suggests that the procedure is not without risks. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used for decades to alleviate chronic pain.
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